Background: Due to high radiation- sensitivity of breast cancer (BC) patients, use of radioprotectors to ameliorate the deleterious effects of radiation could be a priority. This study aimed to evaluate the reducing effects of saffron and melatonin on ionizing radiation-induced damages in lymphocytes of luminal A & B BC patients using cytome assay. Materials and Methods: Whole blood samples were collected from BC patients as well as healthy individuals. Cells were treated with either melatonin or saffron two hours prior to irradiation of G0 lymphocytes using a 6 MV linear accelerator, at a dose of 3Gy. Thirty-six hours after PHA stimulation, Cytochalasin-B was added to the cultures. Cell harvesting and staining was performed using standard method. 1000 binucleate cells were scored per sample for the frequency of micronuclei (MN) or apoptosis under a 1000x light microscope. Results: The frequency of background MN was significantly lower in normal individuals compared to BC patients. Pretreatments of "saffron and melatonin" alone made no significant changes in the frequency of MN in all groups. However, after 3Gy-irradiation the frequency of MN elevated dramatically (p<0.01). Pretreatment of lymphocytes with melatonin and saffron led to a decrease in the frequency of MN in all treatment groups (p<0.05). In terms of apoptosis induction, only melatonin was found to exert reducing effect on radiation induced apoptosis. No radioprotection was observed for saffron in lymphocytes of BC patients. Conclusion: Obtained results elucidated more pronounced role of melatonin in decreasing MN and apoptosis frequencies post irradiation in lymphocytes of BC patients.

Aim and Background: Cytokeratins (CKs) constitute the largest intermediate filamentous protein that during the development of malignancy, the original CK profile of the cell is frequently variable. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) is known as an epithelial cell marker and CK19 expression was seen in more than 90% of breast cancers. In this study, CK19 mRNA expression by the real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in luminal A cell lines was assessed. Materials and Methods: MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines were purchased and cultured according to the recommended protocols. The cells were collected, counted and RNA was extracted from cell lines. The mRNA of CK19 as the target gene and GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase) as a reference gene by real-time PCR was amplified. Quantitative CK19 expression was calculated using the DDCt method. The average ΔCt of CK19 and GAPDH was calculated in each cell line as well as the DCt of GAPDH as a calibrator in different cell lines was quantitatively reported.Results: This method can be used for detection of CK19 tumor marker expression, in the cells. On the other hand, the same expression in the MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines was shown. Conclusions: Expression of CK19 is the same, in the luminal A breast cancer cell lines. Molecular markers could be used for cell Lines classification that it is significant in breast cancer research and it is helpful in detection and treatment of the disease.

Background & Aim: Bloodstains can be found in most cases that a violent crime has occurred. DNA typing analysis can establish the genetic profile(s) of the participant in a violent crime. The recovery and detection of possible bloodstains at crime scene when a crime scene is cleaned up become even more important. Utilizing a new solution that comprises luminol, it is possible to detect latent bloodstains with high sensitivity and precision.Materials & Methods: Firs, luminol solution was prepared and through changing conditions and using different chemicals, the solution sensitivity was optimized, afterwards the solution examined with different blood proportions and dilutions and light intensity provided by the reaction between solution and blood was measured with the Luminometer. In addition, various surfaces and optical situations in the experiments were assessed. Eventually blood samples were used for DNA profiling.Findings: By means of the new luminol solution and comparing it with the elder one, in addition to very high sensitivity to blood on various surfaces, the reaction was performed up to 10-6 dilution. Furthermore this method has no need for absolute darkness and it provides the facility for taking Photos or records without DNA damage, therefore acquiring DNA typing results from very small bloodstains was feasible.Conclusion: Bloodstain is one of the most important biological evidence that remains in criminal scene. In most cases criminals try to wipe it out and one of duties of the forensic group is to detect such traces. Nowadays, criminal scene is inspected using UV and also the elder luminol solution that in the most cases are not sufficient. The goal of this study was to optimize and standardization of the elder luminol solution and analyzing the reaction results and with distinguish between true and false results. Hence with using this method, DNA typing can provide judge and inspectors with powerful evidence. Some advantages of the new solution are easy to use and preparation and also it does not have any harmful effects on DNA profile determination.

Background: Inherent radiosensitivity associated with elevated chromosomal aberrations (CA) was shown in breast cancer (BC) patients at cellular level. Different agents were used to protect cells against adverse effects of ionizing radiation (IR), mainly antioxidants such as vitamins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulating effect of saffron extract on radiation induced CA in lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients. Materials and Methods: G2 assay was applied on whole peripheral blood lymphocytes received from 5 normal controls and 10 BC patients with luminal A subtype. Blood culture was initiated in complete culture medium, 4h prior to harvesting cells were irradiated with 1 and 2 Gy X-rays. Pretreatment of samples with saffron was done 2 h before irradiation. After metaphase preparation and slide making, slides were stained in Giemsa. Hundred well spread metaphases were scored for presence of chromatid type aberrations with a microscope at a magnification of 1000×. Result: Results indicated a high and significant frequency of CA both in lymphocytes of normal and BC patient after irradiation. Pretreatment of samples with saffron led to a significant increase in the frequency of breaks in lymphocytes of both normal individuals and BC patients. Conclusion: Results indicate that despite its antioxidant property, pretreatment of lymphocytes of normal individuals and BC patients with saffron before X-irradiation led to radiosentisizing effect. The way saffron sensitize lymphocytes to X-rays is not known, but it might be possible to inhibit repair of radiation induced DNA strand breaks.

Background: Breast cancer is a common cancer that affects women. The luminal A subtype of breast cancer is defined by low Ki67 expression (<14%), Her-2 negative, and positive ER and PR. luminal A exhibits a favorable prognosis compared to other breast cancer types. Materials and Methods: Gene expression profiling was employed in this investigation to discover genes linked to clinical efficacy and recurrence in luminal A breast cancer tissue samples. The study's overarching goal was to discover new therapeutic targets by deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind luminal A breast cancer. Results: Our analysis revealed specific genes linked to luminal A breast cancer, and their expression levels were correlated with clinical outcomes. High expression of certain genes was associated with improved clinical efficacy and a reduced recurrence rate. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of luminal A breast cancer, offering potential targets for personalized therapeutic approaches.